The other two articles will cover how create value and sustainability by extending the left side of the P-F curve and how all this relates to safety and the P-F curve. Enter the number of hours and iterate the failure rate until the Reliability equals 99.9%. 9�xդ��b4�y�R��',���8��("X�/��%E�;��NE�����\�L�2�2.rq��eŤ$r���S�3NJO"Ǜ�=U4m��`��h`M���`� QL�`J�Dv��ف���@X�I���(��`�D�K@��10�iN K ?� �'7L��L��V�KhN�b��3;�4@�ш���+P� Cx�6f`a^��T��Y )k��2� r Histograms of the data were created with various bin sizes, as shown in Figure 1. The Hasofer-Lind reliability index is given by β = [(y*)T(y*)]1/2, and the failure probability estimate is given by Eq. The exploit of pipelines is, to some level, the most efficient way to convey hydrocarbons. The majority of failures have nothing to do with time, age or wear; they are random. %PDF-1.5 %���� Is your condition monitoring/predictive maintenance program helping your organization do anything to extend the mean time between failures of your assets or is it helping you perform better planning scheduling of work and preventing catastrophic failures? %%EOF Table 1- Reliability index β and probability of failure Pf Pf β 10-1 1.28 10-2 2.33 10-3 3.09 10-4 3.71 10-5 4.26 10-6 4.75 10-7 5.19 10-8 5.62 10-9 5.99 The definition for a two variab1e case can be generalized for n variables as follows. Structural systems and approaches to estimate their reliability, depending on the configuration of the system, will be discussed in Sections 3.4 and 3.5. It is directly derived from the deterministic Tod currently holds the position of Production Specialist IV – Reliability at Minnkota Power’s coal-fired generating facilities located at Center ND. In the 1990’s, using information obtained from the Pd/PM, CMMS and RCA programs Tod justified the need to adapt precision maintenance philosophies into the facility’s maintenance program. Probability Density Function Reliability Function Hazard Rate For example, given a mean life of a light bulb of μ=900 hours, with a standard deviation of σ=300 hours, the reliability at the t=700 hour point is 0.75, as represented by Patterns D, E and F indicate that the failures are all random. In Algeria, there are 11000 kilometers of gas and oil pipelines. Age related failures equal 11% to 23% of all failures. The focus towards reducing and/or eliminating the impact of these failures is through condition based maintenance using condition monitoring or predictive maintenance technologies to determine when is the right time to conduct maintenance. For a normally distributed limit state function Z, the failure probability pf can be determined directly by equation [6.2]: [6.2] p f = p Z < 0 = Φ − β The probability of failure is then With mean value of M And standard deviation The probability of failure Where the reliability index is M = R – S P F = P(R-S<0) = P(M<0) … He is very passionate about Pd, PM and RCM, as a practitioner, instructor and mentor in the fields of vibration, lubrication, ultrasonics, thermography, RCFA and precision maintenance. INTRODUCTION • Reliability, maintainability, and safety integral to product development • Tradeoffs between requirements and cost • Reducing probability of failure is expensive • Given little potential for personal injury Ultrasound Detection, P-F Interval 1-12 months, Vibration Detection, P-F Interval 1-9 months, Oil Analysis Detection, P-F Interval 1-6 months, Performance Monitoring, P-F Interval 1-6 months, Thermography Detection, P-F Interval 1-6 months, Audible Noise Detection, P-F Interval 1-4 weeks, Hot to Touch Detection, P-F Interval 1-5 days. So the myth of “time based/proactive maintenance will provide reliability” is busted. The probability of failure is calculated by integration of the joint density function over the failure domain [i.e., the region in which g(R, Q) <0]. Factor of safety and probability of failure 6 mechanisms tend to result in variables which are lognormally distributed as opposed to the normally distributed variables resulting from additive mechanisms. failure • Sensitivity of result to any change in parameters One prohahili.stic analysis will give the same insight as a large number of parametric analyses with all of the uncertain Risk analysis combines this information with the consequences of failure in view of optimal decision making. h�b```�Fff_``a`b�"8W�`�a�l��`�����z����m�kf1�^���ݑ����ׁ�2� analyses. Minnkota Power Cooperative Inc, is a generation and transmission utility which serves 11 member-owner cooperatives located in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota. Patterns D and E are random and the percentage of occurrence is high. The evolving 40 year old maintenance program has been very successful and has played an important role in the power plants’ success as a cost effective, reliable energy producer. There are several procedures available for performing the … Today, Minnkota Power’s, Asset Reliability Maintenance Program, incorporates most maintenance philosophies and technologies. Risk ana­lysis com­bines this in­form­a­tion with the con­sequences of fail­ure in view of op­timal de­cision mak­ing. Please note this article reflects the views, thoughts and opinions of the author only. Failure Pattern F is known as the infant mortality curve where the probability of failure is high when the equipment is new, followed by very low level probability of random failures and slightly increasing over the age of the equipment. There is value in addressing these two failures. Failure Pattern A is known as the bathtub curve and has a high probability of failure when the equipment is new (infant mortality), then a long period of low probability random failures over time and then sharply increasing at the wear-out point. ]/��N�NmW��i���l���U_�y��~�y�/�r���u��a�\�(� M��~m�������O:�n��Z�&�}����9�rZ��k��v�?�5���y�SXL�sb�K��}U���N�X��g����*R��wݝ���w5�n���!�� �lG?���/����F��_���eo�o�7�;;#���C����{�������h�#����?���G�#����?���G�#�B��,4�B��,4�B��,4�B��,4�B��,4�B��&� lB�L6�V0[�S�T�6�MaS�6�MaS�6�MaS�6��sSz�G�1��0��`0��`0��`0��`0��0�35. Cornell Reliability Index Depending on complexity of g function, it can be very difficult to calculate the probability of failure, P F, P F = P (g < 0) Cornell (1968) proposed to measure reliability in terms of the reliability index, b, b= m g /s g where m g = mean of g and s g = standard deviation of g Having the knowledge of the condition monitoring technology used to detect the failure, the level of energy the problem is emitting and the P-F Curve Interval aids in applying the appropriate priority to the corrective repair work order. Top 100 Cars We can reveal the 100 most reliable cars on the road in the last 12 months, thanks to the data we are able to access from Warranty Direct. The majority of failures have nothing to do with time, age or wear; they are random. Structural reliability aims at quantifying the probability of failure of systems due to uncertainties in their design, manufacturing and environmental conditions. structural reliability will be outlined. This pattern accounts for 29% to 68% of failures. �&���M(��}�vxei�)!D���Y[��Ƿ� ���7�#q1�m���Xq��j����{�KO��O(�h���%dh The failure information is surprising when comparing all the failure patterns. The most important reliability index of an industrial system is the probability of failure-free operation for a time $ t $, denoted by $ R ( t) $, i.e. The goal of these studies were to determine if failures demonstrated some types of patterns, understand the inputs to the failure patterns and determine what can be done to prevent and/or extend the mean time between failures. Many individuals claim that condition monitoring/predictive maintenance is a proactive maintenance methodology because the potential failure is detected early enough to properly plan and schedule corrective action. criterion of failure is still given by equation (2.3.8). The pdf is the curve that results as the bin size approaches zero, as shown in Figure 1(c). In addition, SLOPE/W will indicate a probability of failure equal to zero if none of the Monte-Carlo calculated factors of safety are less than 1.0. ��@��L��z�|���1F@/�E��6!��d����C�( �B���藞s�Cl�E��C,jf,9���T@�$��OB�#ĭ�}���\�4 mc>�!~�#Ť�QA]�r��H��R�hL�Ha�S�sjN�5x��>�E�'�� Ŧ�c�N�vi���d'���J�?0bT���LY���;�ҫ0e�.��`0��� This pattern accounts for 14% to 42% of failures. In addition, SLOPE/W will indicate a probability of failure equal to zero if none of the Monte-Carlo calculated factors of safety are less than 1.0. �HF~�!Snv�]׎��>\�}ñ�! For example, consider a data set of 100 failure times. Note that the pdf is always normalized so that its area is equal to 1. No matter which side of the fence you are on, proactive or reactive, condition monitoring/predictive maintenance has proven its value in by preventing catastrophic asset failures and allowing the repair work to be planned and scheduled. 646 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<00BB90ABECD74A4A955DBE4F4E4F01E7>]/Index[635 21]/Info 634 0 R/Length 69/Prev 276839/Root 636 0 R/Size 656/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream In this case, the reliability index is Enter the number of hours and iterate the failure rate until the Reliability equals 99.9%. If the required reliability for a mission of 100 hours is 99.9%, what must the failure rate (assumed constant) be for the electronic product to meet the requirement? A reliability index is provided, but it is not clear what type of distribution is assumed in its calculation. By means of the introduction of the so-called reliability index β, a direct correlation between the reliability index β and the failure probability pf is obtained. The Eurocode specifies a target safety level / failure probability Target reliability index in function of the consequences of structural failure (normal design conditions) • Eurocodepartial safety factors derived from the target safety level • Application of The expression is based on the evaluation of failure‐conditioned mean and standard deviation. There are many different condition monitoring technologies or predictive tools that are used to detect these potential failures. Reliability Index More generally, system failure can be defined in terms of a failure or limit state function.Also called the safety marginM =gZ Z(, , ) 12… Failure occurs when M = g(Z 1, Z2, …) < 0. 2 The studies indicated that there were failure patterns. The probability density function (pdf) is denoted by f(t). The focus to address pattern F failures are through Reliability and Precision Programs. Failure Pattern A is known as the bathtub curve and has a high probability of failure when the equipment is new (infant mortality), then a long period of low probability random failures over time and then sharply increasing at the wear-out point. This pattern accounts for 29% to 68% of failures. It is a continuous representation of a histogram that shows how the number of component failures are distributed in time. When comparing all the failure patterns, the failure information is rather surprising. Tod has been working in the reliability centered maintenance field since 1983 at the facility. Over time, this assessment is resorting more to the use of structural reliability tech… A reliability index is provided, but it is not clear what type of distribution is assumed in its calculation. His current responsibilities are managing and overseeing the facility’s Reliability Program which includes the PD/PM Program, Loss Elimination, RCA, Asset Control and Care Process. 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