The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion.[18]. When the city fell to the Turks in 1453, the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror. The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke, an act that was fiercely resisted by the citizens. Sir Steven Runciman, historian of the Crusades, wrote that the sack of Constantinople is "unparalleled in history". Persian rule lasted until 478 BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the Second Persian invasion of Greece, a Greek army led by the Spartan general Pausanias captured the city which remained an independent, yet subordinate, city under the Athenians, and later to the Spartans after 411 BC. [11], Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire, mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. On his release, however, Romanus found that enemies had placed their own candidate on the throne in his absence; he surrendered to them and suffered death by torture, and the new ruler, Michael VII Ducas, refused to honour the treaty. An attack by the Crusaders on 6 April failed, but a second from the Golden Horn on 12 April succeeded, and the invaders poured in. The population was rising (estimates for Constantinople in the 12th century vary from some 100,000 to 500,000), and towns and cities across the realm flourished. The Venetians had factories on the north side of the Golden Horn, and large numbers of westerners were present in the city throughout the 12th century. First, the large open area in the center of the map is the Hippodrome of Constantinople. Interestingly, no one in Constantinople at that time would have thought of themselves as living in the Byzantine Empire. Some versions of the founding myth say Byzas was the son of a local nymph, while others say he was conceived by one of Zeus' daughters and Poseidon. Wounded women and children lay dying in the streets. The 18-meter-tall walls built by Theodosius II were, in essence, impregnable to the barbarians coming from south of the Danube river, who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople’s ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. Constantinople's change of name was the theme for a song made famous by, "Constantinople" was one of the "big words" the Father knows toward the end of, "Constantinople" was also the title of the opening edit of, A Montreal-based folk/classical/fusion band calls itself "Constantinople. Procopius claimed "more than 500 prostitutes" did business along the market street. By the next day the Doge and the leading Franks were installed in the Great Palace, and the city was given over to pillage for three days. Palaces and hovels alike were entered and wrecked. In similar fashion, many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets. Jewish communities existed in the Byzantine Empire throughout its history, from the foundation of Constantinople in 330 to the Ottoman conquest of the city in 1453. Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire. Theodosius also founded a University near the Forum of Taurus, on 27 February 425. [9] The city was the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and guardian of Christendom's holiest relics such as the Crown of thorns and the True Cross. Constantine's city became the capitol of the Byzantine Empire. Princes of Kyiv, Venetian doges, abbots of Monte Cassino, merchants of Amalfi, and the kings of Sicily all looked to Byzantium for artists or works of art. It is said that, in 1038, they were dispersed in winter quarters in the Thracesian Theme when one of their number attempted to violate a countrywoman, but in the struggle she seized his sword and killed him; instead of taking revenge, however, his comrades applauded her conduct, compensated her with all his possessions, and exposed his body without burial as if he had committed suicide. What effect did the construction (founding) of Constantinople and the shifting of the Roman capital to Constantinople have on the Roman Empire? Roman Empire 324 until 1453 — Empire's and its people name ARTICLES 17.08.19 Early Roman History Sources ARTICLES 17.08.19 Flag of the Byzantine Empire THEME 17.08.19 Next, the white mosque located a little further east from the Hippodrome lies the Hagia Sophia (meaning “Divine Wisdom”), a structure standing for more than 1,400 years now. In 1090–91, the nomadic Pechenegs reached the walls of Constantinople, where Emperor Alexius I with the aid of the Kipchaks annihilated their army. It lay on the waterways between the black sea and the Aegean Sea. [36] After the construction of the Theodosian Walls, Constantinople consisted of an area approximately the size of Old Rome within the Aurelian walls, or some 1,400 ha.[37]. Need music for your game or project?     where fish and stag graze on the same pasture, He removed Theodora from the Great Palace to the Carian Palace and later to the monastery of Gastria, but, after the death of Bardas, she was released to live in the palace of St Mamas; she also had a rural residence at the Anthemian Palace, where Michael was assassinated in 867. Many scholars[who?] 75. The Emperor Constantine was regarded as an ancestor by the Byzantines.He was infact a ruler of Roman Empire. 1, University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. p. 6, Inalcik, Halil. [6][33] Constantine divided the expanded city, like Rome, into 14 regions, and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis. According to Zaruhi Galemkearian's autobiography, she was told to write about women's place in the family and home after she published two volumes of poetry in the 1890s. They rushed in a howling mob down the streets and through the houses, snatching up everything that glittered and destroying whatever they could not carry, pausing only to murder or to rape, or to break open the wine-cellars [...] . [60] John II built the monastery of the Pantocrator (Almighty) with a hospital for the poor of 50 beds. Which now Constantinople is the capital of Byzantine Empire. [63] In 1182, most Latin (Western European) inhabitants of Constantinople were massacred.[64]. The city was briefly renamed Augusta Antonina in the early 3rd century AD by the Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211), who razed the city to the ground in 196 for supporting a rival contender in the civil war and had it rebuilt in honour of his son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (who succeeded him as Emperor), popularly known as Caracalla. But the new Alexius IV found the Treasury inadequate, and was unable to make good the rewards he had promised to his western allies. From the 5th century, the city was also protected by the Anastasian Wall, a 60-kilometer chain of walls across the Thracian peninsula. Similarly those of the Palatine Chapel, the Martorana at Palermo, and the cathedral of Cefalù, together with the vast decoration of the cathedral at Monreale, demonstrate the influence of Byzantium on the Norman Court of Sicily in the twelfth century. Byzantium took on the name of Kōnstantinoupolis ("city of Constantine", Constantinople) after its refoundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium in 330 and designated his new capital officially as Nova Roma (Νέα Ῥώμη) 'New Rome'. map of Constantinople. [84] From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city: these people were called "Sürgün" in Turkish (Greek: σουργούνιδες). [34] Yet, at first, Constantine's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome. The rich Byzantines also liked a bit of gold, silver, and gemstone-studded jewellery, too. Thousands of Turkoman tribesmen crossed the unguarded frontier and moved into Anatolia. Byzantine Empire Map. Its capital city, Constantinople, was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the time. "[42] Hagia Sophia was served by 600 people including 80 priests, and cost 20,000 pounds of gold to build. Its status as a capital was recognized by the appointment of the first known Urban Prefect of the City Honoratus, who held office from 11 December 359 until 361. Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium, naming it the Augustaeum. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476, only 81 years after the division, due to the barbarian invasion and the old capital Rome was seized by the Vizigoths. Yet it had been the capital of the state for over a thousand years, and it might have seemed unthinkable to suggest that the capital be moved to a different location. Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire, mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. [6] From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe. While they drank merrily from the altar-vessels a prostitute set herself on the Patriarch's throne and began to sing a ribald French song. He also granted funds for the restoration of the Church of the Holy Apostles, which had been seriously damaged in an earthquake.[71]. In: 'Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi', ed. After the victory, in 534, the Temple treasure of Jerusalem, looted by the Romans in AD 70 and taken to Carthage by the Vandals after their sack of Rome in 455, was brought to Constantinople and deposited for a time, perhaps in the Church of St Polyeuctus, before being returned to Jerusalem in either the Church of the Resurrection or the New Church.[39]. One reason for the Constantinople's success was its location. [85], Even before Constantinople was founded, the markets of Byzantion were mentioned first by Xenophon and then by Theopompus who wrote that Byzantians "spent their time at the market and the harbour". "As a result Constantinople became seriously depopulated," Talbot concludes. Each guild had its own monopoly, and tradesmen might not belong to more than one. The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control. [17] As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population, and influence grew, the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames. J M Hussey, The Byzantine World, Hutchinson, London, 1967, p. 92. The new programme of building was carried out in great haste: columns, marbles, doors, and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city. The citizens lost their right to free grain in 618 when Heraclius realised that the city could no longer be supplied from Egypt as a result of the Persian wars: the population fell substantially as a result. Image Source: Byzantine Empire in 717. [75] Military defeats, civil wars, earthquakes and natural disasters were joined by the Black Death, which in 1347 spread to Constantinople exacerbated the people’s sense that they were doomed by God. argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while Ancient Rome and the west collapsed. But the Frenchmen and Flemings were filled with a lust for destruction. "Among the masterpieces destroyed, writes Talbot, "were a Herakles attributed to the fourth-century B.C. The palace of Blachernae in the north-west of the city became the main Imperial residence, with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline. It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass-destruction in western Europe and north Africa: On the city's fall, thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy, and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance, and the transition to the modern world. [52] However, following the death of an Emperor, they became known also for plunder in the Imperial palaces. [48], In the 730s Leo III carried out extensive repairs of the Theodosian walls, which had been damaged by frequent and violent attacks; this work was financed by a special tax on all the subjects of the Empire. Byzantium was never a major influential city-state like that of Athens, Corinth or Sparta, but the city enjoyed relative peace and steady growth as a prosperous trading city lent by its remarkable position. [67], For the next half-century, Constantinople was the seat of the Latin Empire. There are a few noticeable landmarks on this map. The reason for this was that the Greek … Beautiful silks from the workshops of Constantinople also portrayed in dazzling colour animals – lions, elephants, eagles, and griffins – confronting each other, or represented Emperors gorgeously arrayed on horseback or engaged in the chase. Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city's built environment, legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within 100 feet (30 m) of the sea front, in order to protect the view. Well at first Constantinople is were the Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire. Byzantine history goes from the founding of Constantinople as imperial residence on 11 May 330 until 29 May 1453, when the Ottoman sultan Memhet II conquered the city.     Blessed are those who will inhabit that holy city, [72] According to Talbot, these included the churches of Blachernae, Rouphinianai, and St. Michael at Anaplous. The origins of the name of Byzantion, more commonly known by the later Latin Byzantium, are not entirely clear, though some suggest it is of Thraco-Illyrian origin. As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th–13th centuries and a centre of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin, Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as Basileuousa (Queen of Cities) and Megalopolis (the Great City) and was, in colloquial speech, commonly referred to as just Polis (ἡ Πόλις) 'the City' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike.[20]. [61], With the restoration of firm central government, the empire became fabulously wealthy. Volume 1. Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, Istanbul. In Hagia Sophia itself, drunken soldiers could be seen tearing down the silken hangings and pulling the great silver iconostasis to pieces, while sacred books and icons were trampled under foot. The Byzantine Empire was the predominantly Greek-speaking continuation of the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. In response, the Turks began to move into Anatolia in 1073. Today, it is known as the city of Istanbul, the largest city of Turkey. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the iconoclast movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire. [...] When [...] order was restored, [...] citizens were tortured to make them reveal the goods that they had contrived to hide. Constantine's foundation gave prestige to the Bishop of Constantinople, who eventually came to be known as the Ecumenical Patriarch, and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome. [29] This treaty would pay dividends retrospectively as Byzantium would maintain this independent status, and prosper under peace and stability in the Pax Romana, for nearly three centuries until the late 2nd century AD.[30]. Where the Hippodrome once stood is now the Sultanahmet Square; the arena’s remnants are in public display there. For nine centuries, [...] the great city had been the capital of Christian civilisation. By the 500s Constantinople was thriving and had become one of the world's great cities. The officer given the task was killed by the crowd, and in the end the image was removed rather than destroyed: It was to be restored by, There is an excellent source for these events: the writer and historian, Diethart and Hörandner (2005). The Byzantine Empire. [58] Following the death of her son Leo IV in 780, the empress Irene restored the veneration of images through the agency of the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. The city was built intentionally to rival Rome, and it was claimed that several elevations within its walls matched the 'seven hills' of Rome. Under the rulers of the Latin Empire, the city declined, both in population and the condition of its buildings. Lastly, the Forum of Constantine is the open circular area in the extreme northwest. [18][19] The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned, and the city reverted to Byzantium/Byzantion after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or, at the latest, the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235. [54], The Book of the Eparch, which dates to the 10th century, gives a detailed picture of the city's commercial life and its organization at that time. Saved by Carol Strickland. [14] The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded Byzantium (Ancient Greek: Βυζάντιον, Byzántion) in around 657 BC,[15] across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. By their style, arrangement, and iconography the mosaics of St. Mark's at Venice and of the cathedral at Torcello clearly reveal their Byzantine origin. Unnamed Mosque established during Byzantine times for visiting Muslim dignitaries. [49], Theodora, widow of the Emperor Theophilus (died 842), acted as regent during the minority of her son Michael III, who was said to have been introduced to dissolute habits by her brother Bardas. The column, known in Turkish as Çemberlitaş, initially had an Apollo statue, which is reminiscent of Rome’s pagan origins. – 1643 C.E. They were known for their ferocity, honour, and loyalty. Vol II, p. 386; Robinson (1965), The First Turkish Republic, p. 298, Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as. [7] The city became famous for its architectural masterpieces, such as Hagia Sophia, the cathedral of the Eastern Orthodox Church, which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived, the Galata Tower, the Hippodrome, the Golden Gate of the Land Walls, and opulent aristocratic palaces. Aigle bicéphale , insigne impérial des Paléologues (fresque, XIV e siècle). [41], Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed the Theodosian basilica of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the city's cathedral, which lay to the north of the Augustaeum and had itself replaced the Constantinian basilica founded by Constantius II to replace the first Byzantine cathedral, Hagia Irene (Holy Peace). The emperor Justinian I (527–565) was known for his successes in war, for his legal reforms and for his public works. [69] However, this act of maintenance is an exception: for the most part, the Latin occupiers were too few to maintain all of the buildings, either secular and sacred, and many became targets for vandalism or dismantling. The reigning emperor Alexius III had made no preparation. Washington Government Printing Office, 1913. After that, as part of the 1920s Turkification movement, Turkey started to urge other countries to use Turkish names for Turkish cities, instead of other transliterations to Latin script that had been used in Ottoman times. AM 6030 pg 316, with this note: Theophanes' precise date should be accepted. These controversies contributed to the deterioration of relations between the Western and the Eastern Churches. Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. From the tenth to the twelfth century Byzantium was the main source of inspiration for the West. Under the Comnenian dynasty (1081–1185), Byzantium staged a remarkable recovery. 7 Constantine 2. Great bathhouses were built in Byzantine centers such as Constantinople and Antioch.[88]. This was reflected in Constantinople by the construction of the Blachernae palace, the creation of brilliant new works of art, and general prosperity at this time: an increase in trade, made possible by the growth of the Italian city-states, may have helped the growth of the economy. Heraclius, son of the exarch of Africa, set sail for the city and assumed the throne. Also, alone in Europe until the 13th-century Italian florin, the Empire continued to produce sound gold coinage, the solidus of Diocletian becoming the bezant prized throughout the Middle Ages. 10 It divided the Roman Empire … Yule (1915), 46–49; see footnote No. Nearby was the vast Hippodrome for chariot-races, seating over 80,000 spectators, and the famed Baths of Zeuxippus. Even today, many quarters of Istanbul, such as Aksaray, Çarşamba, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. From there, the Mese passed on and through the Forum Tauri and then the Forum Bovis, and finally up the Seventh Hill (or Xerolophus) and through to the Golden Gate in the Constantinian Wall. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek-speaking empire for over a thousand years. In the time of Justinian, public order in Constantinople became a critical political issue. The Byzantine Empire Constantinople was founded by Emperor Constantine the Great in 333 AD as the “New Rome,” but after the sack of the old Rome in 410 it became the Only Rome (so far as the emperor was concerned). Yule (1915), 46–48; see also footnote No. Then the two of them slipped away with many of the nobility and embarked for Asia. The other side of the city had natural defenses. Why Eastern Roman Empire is called Byzantine? In artistic terms, the 12th century was a very productive period. [50], In 860, an attack was made on the city by a new principality set up a few years earlier at Kyiv by Askold and Dir, two Varangian chiefs: Two hundred small vessels passed through the Bosporus and plundered the monasteries and other properties on the suburban Prince's Islands. 1 on p. 49 for discussion about the Byzantine diplomat sent to, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Great Siege of Constantinople/Second Arab Siege of Constantinople, sponsoring the consolidation of the Christian church, The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople, Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty, Age of Empires II: The Conquerors Expansion, "Preserving The Intellectual Heritage – Preface", Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades, "The Restoration of Constantinople under Michael VIII", https://www.infezmed.it/media/journal/Vol_19_3_2011_10.pdf, "fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance", Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, "San Marco Basilica | cathedral, Venice, Italy", "Game Informer 218 details (Assassin's Creed, Rayman Origins)", Islamic Ritual Preaching (Khutbas) in a Contested Arena: Shi'is and Sunnis, Fatimids and Abbasids, "AZIZ (365-386/975-996), 15TH Iman – Ismaili.net – Heritage F.I.E.L.D. 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